Principles for Duty of Care

Standards for actualizing obligation of care When individuals cooperate with one another each has an obligation of care to the next. ‘Duty of care: a prerequisite to practice a sensible level of consideration and alert to maintain a strategic distance from carelessness which would prompt damage to others. ’ shielding adds to obligation of care as kids and infants are dependant on grown-ups to mind and shield them from hurt, we protect youngsters via completing danger evaluations, watching and surveying their turn of events, understanding the manners in which kids might be mishandled and setting clear desires for childrens behaviour.Children have rights, for example, those set out in the UN show on the privileges of the kid Parents rights are altered by their duties towards the kids. The childrens’ demonstration 1989 clarified that it is the government assistance of the youngster that is vital. Childrens rights are regularly given need, superseding those of the par ent. Likely clashes or quandaries may emerge between am imdividuals rights and the obligation of care, these can be:Risk Taking Duty of care could struggle with childrens rights to have experiances which further there improvement and learning its fundamental youngsters figure out how to anticipate and acoid risky circumstance, in the event that you enclose a kid by cotton fleece you are taking their obligation of care excessively far. ConfidentialityIt is fundamental that touchy data is kept classified. Anyway childrens wellbeing and government assistance is kept central. This contention turns out to be progressively evident while defending kids from misuse. Data must be shared between profecionals in the intrest of the kid. Now and then without assent of the parents.I would dispose of my obligation of care to help childrens rights to pick up fundamental abilities on the most proficient method to adapt to dubious circumstances. When managing classification your obligation of care to shield a youngster or kids from misuse must be offset with the families rights to have private data rewarded secretly. I could get extra help and exhortation from my administrator, director or group pioneers.

My Dream Vacation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Dream Vacation - Essay Example On the off chance that I have a ton of cash and boundless time, I might want to go on excursions to India. I have heard a ton about India, its one of a kind culture, intriguing regular magnificence and cooking, however have never been there. I need to visit India since she is so not normal for my nation for example the USA. Individuals of India not just appear to be unique, they communicate in an alternate language and are totally not the same as us Americans from each perspective. For one, I love the Indian race on account of its facial highlights. I need to investigate the decent variety of India. From what I have found out about India in the books and found in the media, I have come to realize that it is a land that joins individuals having a place with various subcultures. I especially have an incredible preference for the Indian film. In spite of the fact that I don't get Hindi or Urdu dialects, yet they sound exceptionally sweet to the ears. The Indian cinematography is one of its sort. I love the vigorously beaded dresses, their preference for substantial adornments and cosmetics, and above all their regard for their jobs and obligations as individuals from a family. One thing that I would never comprehend about the Indian culture was the manner by which the Indians figure out how to live in the joint family framework. Regardless of all the generational contrasts and holes, they go through the entirety of their time on earth together. This is something really amazing and worth-seeing from a closer view, which is one of the fundamental reasons I need to go to India for.

Ghost Writing-Essay Topics

Ghost Writing-Essay TopicsYou may be wondering if ghost writing is a method that can be used to help in finding ghost essay topics. There are many people who would love to have their essays ghosted, but they don't know where to look for them.Ghost writing is a method that is often referred to as ghosting. This process can also be called ghostwriting, ghost-writing, or cover writing. The writers for the ghost cover or the ghost essay are called ghostwriters, and they may not have much time on their hands.Many people think that ghostwriting is an art that you need to master before you can get your ghost essay written. However, this is simply not true. It is a simple process that anyone can learn and master. By using the same techniques and ideas, you will be able to write your own essay quickly and easily.Ghost writing for essay topics requires an understanding of how to market your work. You must first have a clear idea of the benefits that you will receive by submitting your writing to certain ghostwriting companies. You must also make sure that you determine whether or not this type of writing will be something that you will enjoy doing. Only then can you consider the type of topic that you will be interested in ghost writing.One of the things that you need to do when you decide to become a ghost writer is to learn how to market yourself. This means that you will have to hire a ghostwriter who can help you promote your writing. You should also make sure that you will be given the space to write your article, and you will be given the chance to speak to the ghostwriter, ask questions, and/or give feedback on your articles.In order to find the best ghost writers for ghosting essay topics, you need to be aware of the services that are being offered and what they offer you in return. It is important to make sure that you are able to get the most in return for the money that you are spending on a ghostwriting service.You should also make sure that you are able to g et the best ghosting services for ghosting essay topics. You will want to check out these services carefully and see which one can offer you the best of services. For example, you might want to consider hiring a ghostwriting service that provides extensive editing services to ensure that you will be happy with the final product.While ghost writing is a great way to earn money, it is very important to do your research and find a ghost writer that will provide you with the best services for your ghost writing projects. If you spend a lot of time finding ghost writing services, you will end up saving yourself a lot of time and effort in the long run. You will also get to choose the writers for your essay topics, and you will get to get more for your investment.

Transportation Pollution and Global Warming an Article by ...

Nowadays, driving has become a part of our lives and culture. However, this culture has also caused us a lot of problems such as traffic congestion, oil consumption, and pollution. For some people, they need cars because it is a personal transportation, and public transportation is not convenient enough. Although my friends and roommates live so close to the school, they love to drive to school because they do not believe the bus schedule. In the artlice â€Å"Drowsy Driving – Stay Alert, Arrive Alive†(drowsydriving.org) shows that 71% of adults in America drive a car to and from work, which means a lot of people cannot live without cars now. At the same time, in the article â€Å"Transportation Pollution and Global Warming,† Nadeine Unger, she states that cars will create a lot of black carbon, which is bad for air quality and our health. As I mentioned before, almost everyone in U.S. owns a car, which means people are creating an unknown amount of black carbon every day . Despite what people who drive alone may believe, public transportation is an excellent system as it can solve the traffic problem, lessen car accidents, help with our time management, save our money, and rescue our health and the environment. First of all, More cars on the freeways lead to more traffic problem, which means driving alone in our car is wasting our time. People who drive on streets and freeways will be wasting time because there will be a traffic congestion on streets and freeways everyday. Public

My Experience With Anxiety And Depression - 1861 Words

Doubt. Worry. Anxiety. Tears. Most of my high school career revolved around these feelings. Feelings of emptiness. Feelings of hopelessness. Often, feelings are inaccurate; they are just lies that we believe about ourselves. Many feelings that we feel are not the truth that God tells us; they are simply lies Satan wants us to believe. God tells us that He is always with us. He loves us. He has the best plan for us. However, remembering these truths, in the midst of such struggles, is hard. My struggle with anxiety and depression started at the end of my eighth grade year. There is a private college-preparatory school in my home town. My older brother attended here, and I desired to go here as well. My best friend was accepted to the school, but I was not; God had better plans for me. While this may seem small, as an eighth grader, this was such a disappointment to me. I guess you could say that my depression first stemmed from this, but I think this occasion just set it off. I now se e and appreciate God not allowing me to get accepted, but at the time I did not understand why. As much as I did not want to, my only choice was to settle for public high school. I began my freshman year in the honor’s program. I went to school, full of anxiety every day, talked to my few close friends, and often came home after school and just cried. I was just going through the everyday motions and not fully living. I despised public school and most of the annoying, petty things involved inShow MoreRelatedMy Experience With Consciousness Or Cognition1215 Words   |  5 Pagesthought possible. Every week I felt as if my knowledge was increasing day by day. Before this class most of my knowledge came through personal experience or doing some research for my own curiosity. This semester brought more insight into many different topics, but the ones I feel that I grew the most were anxiety, depression, music and its effect on the brain, and love and romance. My knowledge of anxiety comes mainly from my own personal experiences. For years I honestly thought that it wasRead MoreThe Correlation Between Mental Health Problems984 Words   |  4 Pagessymptoms of depression and anxiety on college students. This article also discusses why students don’t seek to find help and discusses who to find help for those who would like help. With the recent rise in people with anxiety and depression disorders, this article encourages and educates people on what to look for when dealing with a person who might be struggling with either disorder. One of the things that caught my attention was the statistic that â€Å"75 percent of all individuals with an anxiety disorderRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety And Depression Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesAnxiety and depression are treatable, but 80% of kids with a diagnosable anxiety disorder and 60% of kids with diagnosable depression are not getting treatment, according to the 2015 Child Mind Institute Children’s Mental Health Report (Children and Teens. (2010). Many children have anxiety and it does not need to be treated, while there are some children that have severe anxiety over almost anything and needs to be managed by medication. Some children when they are younger may experience socialRead MoreEffects Of Anxiety And Depression On Transgendered People874 Words   |  4 Pageseffects of anxiety and depression on transgendered people. For this paper I am using Transgender to mean: â€Å" a term used to describe people whose gender identity differs from the sex the doctor marked on their birth certificate.† (Gladd.org) What inspired me to research this social issue is with modern media individuals such as Caitlyn Jenner and television shows such as Orange is the New Black; we are learning more about Transgender. Another inspiration came from my internship. My current internshipRead MoreThe Anxiety Disorder ( Anxiety )1126 Words   |  5 Pages A Psychology disorder known as anxiety disorder, is the most common in the United States. In a result of, 18% of 40 million people suffers from anxiety. However, there are six different types of anxiety disorders in the results of stress, depression, social interaction, obsessive compulsive, and phobia. Which characteristic functions as a natural part of life, that can be treated thought several methods. Anxiety is a feeling of numerous of things, whether its danger or a sense of threat andRead MoreAdjustment Disorder With Mixed Anxiety And Depressed Mood Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagessubcategories. In a category where anxiety and depressed mood is involved, different treatments are given depending from person to person. In this particular research, the main focus is the Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood. Symptoms, treatments, etiology, and prognosis will be tackling in this research paper. Because this research is a personal experience of a loved one, some information is pertaining to that person to help readers understand his experience. That being stated, the specificRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety925 Words   |  4 PagesWhenever I’ve had to deal with a major stressful event I experience a great deal of anxiety as well as restlessness. The anxiety manifests itself throughout my entire body and it ends up affecting me both mentally an d physically. As a result of being stressed and the activation of my sympathetic nervous system the first thing that usually happens to me physically is that my neck and back will start to feel tense and sore. I will also have tightness in my chest, which gets so bad that I feel like I am incapableRead MoreI Am Fine And I Don t Know From Afar945 Words   |  4 Pagesnot fine and I don t know why. Depression is a serious topic on its own and it should not be taken lightly. Please take a look at the bottom of this post for the definitions of depression, anxiety, and abuse before reading further. It is very difficult to talk about the things that runs through your mind, especially if you are dealing with depression anxiety, or abuse. I applaud those who speak out about this problem. I for one have talked about my experiences so much that sometimes I feel likeRead MorePostpartum Depression And Its Effect On Child Development1500 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Specialization My area of specialization is maternal postpartum depression and its effect on child development. It s a well-documented fact that postpartum depression affects not only the patient but other family members including the children. Client Agency The clients in this intervention will be women who have recently given birth. The intervention would occur at a hospital or medical setting during the six week check-up. The clients that would participate in this intervention would beRead MoreExperiencing Depression Throughout Life Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesDoes the average person experience depression throughout their life? Introduction In psychology, depression is a mental illness in which a person experiences deep, unshakable sadness and diminished interest in nearly all activities, it involves disturbances in emotion(Encarta). Depression is among the most common mental illnesses. About 8 percent of adults in the United States experience serious depression through out their lives (Encarta). Women are about three times more likely

The Challenge Between Civilization and Savagery in Lord...

In the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding, symbolism and allegories were used to show how the children who are stranded on an island have a huge struggle with civilization and savagery. Ralph, Piggy, Jack, and Simon are the ones in the novel that struggle with this the most. Golding wrote this story because he was horrified of Stalinism in Russia. His experience in World War II effected his view on humanity and evils that are capable of occurring. Ralph, Piggy, and Simon are manifested with the civilizing instinct, while Jack, Roger, and the other hunters have the savage instinct. Golding also dealt with human nature. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that man is good, but Golding controverts his philosophy. Golding believes†¦show more content†¦Through out the book, Ralph struggles with his civilization and savagery. An example is when he joins Jack and his tribe of what they thought was the Beast. Over a period of time, Ralph beings to lose the way that he thinks. You can see signs of this when he has a hard time developing an agenda for his meetings with the boys. He also beings to lose his morals and self control. Ralph becomes savage after everyone has joined Jacks new tribe. He has always been savage because everyone has savagery in them. He truly shows his savage side when he murdered Simon. It was a night on the beach while everyone is around a fire. The boys start to chant for the beast to come out. Everyone is in the moment and something from the woods comes out onto the beach. A thing was crawling out of the forest(Golding152). They start attacking what they think is the beast. Once they stop Ralph then realizes that they have killed Simon. The next morning, Ralph is the only person to acknowledge that they murdered someone the night before. This is the only time that Ralph becomes savage. He knows what he has just done was an awful thing, but at the same time it gave him an adrenaline rush. He was excited about what he did. In the end, Ralph gained an understanding of mans human nature character, something that he cant acquire. Under the authority of Ralph, second in line was a kid named Piggy. Piggy is a symbol of science, intellectuality, and the rational world.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Beast that Kills Slowly Savagery is the condition of being primitive, uncivilized or the quality of being fierce or cruel (Google). It is something that comes easy to everyone at certain times in our life. People will learn it is harder to be good than bad. Being bad comes natural to everyone; people like the thrill of taking a chance. People are trained to be civil and polite from the time one grows up and it is not that hard because of the society everyone lives in. What would happen if theRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Analysis968 Words   |  4 Pages Lord of the Flies In William Goldings novel Lord of the Flies, he demonstrates the struggle of being trapped on an island containing no civilization and the attempt to remain safe. As the conflict starts to occur on the island, the battle to stay alive and hope to be rescued becomes more challenging for the boys. Throughout the novel, many symbolic elements become significant and are prominently used to get the reader to interpret things differently and see things in other perspectives. In theRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding1257 Words   |  6 Pages LOTF: Good vs Evil Change is inevitable. In Lord of the Flies, three of the characters represent how the human condition can change. Each character handles situations and conditions differently. Their conflicts challenge their existence and eventually lead to their demise. In Lord of the Flies, during the wage of war between good and evil, the true face of everyone is revealed, whether it be Roger, Simon, or the children as a group. There are a lot of ways that good and evil are representedRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe conflict between individualism and collectivism has always been of interest to humanity. While one ideology places high importance on the one person and their abilities, the latter emphasizes the need to put the common good of the group before any single individual. â€Å"Lord of the Flies† by William Golding explores this ideological struggle through an allegory that pits two boys – Ralph and Jack – and their respective philosophies against each other. Golding portrays Ralph as a relatable, sympatheticRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding988 Words   |  4 Pages Lord of the Flies is a book written by William Golding. This story takes place on a deserted island where a group of young boys plane crashed. The boys have to work together to survive in the island wilderness but the true challenge turned out to be surviving each other. During the struggles on the island the children try their best to stay civilized but their attempt to construct a form of civilization is shattered and the boys are plunged down a wild and savage path. The boys split into twoRead MoreYann Martels Life Of Pi And William Golding1794 Words   |  8 PagesBoth Yann Martel’s, â€Å"Life Of Pi† and William Golding’s, â€Å"Lord Of The Flies† explore the conflict between civility and savagery present in humans, Golding explores savagery at a societal level as an inescapable trait among humans which is subdued by civilization and authority, while Martel looks at savagery at a more internal level. Both authors help explain their stances on savage ry and civility by combining them with themes like survival, authority, loss of innocence and fear. The authors illustrateRead MoreThe Conch Shell In Lord Of The Flies Analysis962 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The savage in man is never quite eradicated.† These are the words of Henry David Thoreau. They are undoubtedly pertinent to Lord of the Flies by William Golding. The novel tells the story of a group of English boys stranded on an island after an unfortunate plane crash. Ralph and Piggy are the first two characters introduced. The duo find a conch shell in the lagoon of the island, which they use to call the other boys to establish a makeshift society. The conch soon becomes an important symbol asRead MoreSimilarities Between Lord Of The Flies And Animal Farm1633 Words   |  7 PagesDespite having different storylines, backgrounds and plots, Animal Farm and Lord of the Flies are very similar in many ways. For example they share similar themes and meanings. Animal Farm, b y George Orwell, is about a story that takes place on a farm that is run by all animals after getting rid of the owner Mr. Jones. When he leaves, a pig named Napoleon quickly becomes leader of all the animals and causes the farm to fall into a dictatorship instead of a Utopian society. This book captures andRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding2631 Words   |  10 PagesThe English novelist William Golding often reflects on the common theme of man’s savagery and inability to avoid one’s evil and primitive nature. Man often tries to avoid this return to a basic state just like the boys in Lord of the Flies: â€Å"Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. Were English, and the English are best at everything† (40). One cannot escape the inevitable however as seen in Golding’s next novel, The Inheritors: â€Å"They killed Nil and threw her into theRead MoreArchetype Analysis of Lord of the Flies2467 Words   |  10 PagesAb stract: William Golding won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1983, for his first writing Lord of the Flies, in which symbolism is wildly used and attributes lots of symbolic meanings to the characters and events. The story thus becomes vivid and profound. This paper aims at using Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung’s collective unconscious and archetypal theories to interpret the archetypes of characters, natural scenes and themes. Key words: symbolism, Lord of the Flies, collective unconscious

Teenage parenthood Essay Example For Students

Teenage parenthood Essay Marijuana (also spelled marihuana) is a psychoactive drug made from the dried leaves and flowering parts of the hemp plant. It is one of the most strictly classified illegal drugs in the United States. Under the 1970 Controlled Substances Act, marijuana is listed as a Schedule I substance, which defines it as having â€Å"a high potential for abuse† and â€Å"no currently accepted medical use.† Marijuana is therefore classified more severely than cocaine and morphine, which as Schedule II drugs are also banned for general use, but can be prescribed by doctors. It is illegal to buy, sell, grow, or possess marijuana in the United States. Marijuana prohibition comprises a large part of the federal governments War on Drugs. Law enforcement officials made 600,000 marijuana-related arrests in 1996, and 800,000 in 1998-four out of five arrests being for possession alone. Under federal and state laws, many of which were strengthened in the 1980’s, people convicted of mar ijuana offenses face penalties ranging from probation to life imprisonment, plus fines and forfeiture of property. In addition to criminal justice efforts, the federal government, state government, and local communities spend hundreds of millions of dollars annually on prevention programs such as Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE), in which local police officers visit schools to teach young people to refrain from trying marijuana and other drugs. However, public controversy has been growing over the two assumptions-high abuse potential and no legitimate medical use-that underlie marijuana’s status as a Schedule I drug. In turn, disputes over the abuse and medical potential have shaped differences of opinion over public policy. Many of those who question one or both of these assumptions about marijuana have advocated a full or partial relaxation of the governments blanket prohibition of the drug, while those who accept these assumptions generally are opposed to any full or partial legalization of marijuana. Supporters of marijuana’s continued prohibition argue that the drug is easily abused and can lead to numerous physical and psychological harms. Short-term health effects-according to the NIDA (National Institute of Drug Abuse)-of the drug listed in this paper include memory loss, distorted perception, problems with learning and coordination, an increased heart rate, and anxiety attacks. Long-term effects according to NIDA-include increased risk of lung cancer for chronic marijuana smokers and possible damage to the immune and reproductive systems.In addition, marijuana opponents argue that many users attain a psychological dependence on the â€Å"high† that marijuana can create. Such dependence can result in stunned emotional and social maturity as these users lose interest in school, job, and social activities. About 100,000 people each year resort to drug abuse treatment programs to end their marijuana addiction. Marijuana is also viewed by some commentators as a â₠¬Å"gateway† drug that can lead to the abuse of other dangerous and illegal substances, including cocaine and heroinOn the other hand, critics of U.S marijuana policy argue that the dangers of marijuana have been exaggerated. They contend that many, not most, users of marijuana suffer no lasting harm, do not move onto other drugs, ad do not become addicts. Some surveys on marijuana use in America have shown that nine out of ten people who have tried marijuana have since quit. Researchers working with rats have found that marijuana is a far less addictive substance for the animals than cocaine or heroin Pro-Legalization activist R. Keith Stroup summed up the views of many who oppose marijuana prohibition when he asserted before a committee that â€Å"moderate marijuana use is relatively harmless-far less harmless than that of either tobacco or alcohol.†Whether or not marijuana, as a Schedule I drug, truly has â€Å"no currently accepted medical use† is also a matte r of public controversy. In November 1996, voters in two states, California and Arizona, passed referenda that legalized marijuana for medical use (these developments and the actions of other states have no impact on marijuana’s status as an illegal Schedule I drug). Supporters of the California and Arizona initiatives maintain that marijuana is effective in alleviating the symptoms of medical conditions such as AIDS, glaucoma, and multiple sclerosis. Anecdotal evidence of marijuana’s efficacy, advocates claim, comes from AIDS patients who have used marijuana to restore a appetite and cancer patients who have smoked it to combat nausea caused by chemotherapy treatments-often as a last resort when legally prescribed medicines failed. Those who contend that marijuana has useful medical purposes call for the government to at least reclassify the drug as a Schedule II substance that can be prescribed by doctors. As stated by Lester Grinspoon, a Harvard University psychiatr ist, marijuana’s continued prohibition as a Schedule I substance â€Å"is medically absurd, legally questionable, and morally wrong.†The California and Arizona referenda legalizing medical marijuana were strongly opposed by prominent federal government officials, including the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, Barry McCaffrey, who criticized the measures as being â€Å"dishonest† and asserted that marijuana â€Å"is neither safe or effective† as medicine. Opponents argue that the very concept of medical marijuana is absurd because it is not, like most modern medicines, a synthesized chemical whose composition can be precisely manufactured and controlled. Instead, it is taken from a plant and consists of four hundred chemicals whose exact composition varies with each â€Å"dose†. Furthermore, they assert, marijuana’s claimed medical effectiveness by clinical trials. Marijuana’s psychoactive properties may make peo ple feel better, contends Robert L. Peterson, a former Michigan drug enforcement official, but that â€Å"does not make a drug a medicine.† Marijuana opponents maintain that better legal medical alternatives to marijuana exist-including Marinol, a pill available by a physicians prescription that contains THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana. An additional concern voiced by many is that legalizing marijuana for medical purposes would send the wrong message to America’s youth. â€Å"At a time when our nation is looking for solutions to the problem of teenage drug use,† asks Thomas A. Constantine, head of the Drug Enforcement Administration, â€Å"how can we justify giving a stamp of approval to an illegal substance which has no legitimate medical use?†Whether or not marijuana’s possible medical advantages outweigh its potential harm is a central question in current debates about this controversial drug. This paper presents various opinions an d viewpoints of marijuana and its uses, as well as information on its history and genetic make-up. The marijuana, cannabis, or hemp plant is one of the oldest psychoactive plants known to mankind. There are three classifications or species of cannabis: Cannabis Sativa, Cannabis Indica, and Cannabis Ruderalis. The fiber has been used for cloth and paper and was the most important source of rope until the development of synthetic fibers. The seeds have been used as bird feed and sometimes as human food. The oil contained in the seeds was once used for lighting and soap and is now sometimes employed in the manufacture of varnish, linoleum, and artists’ paints. The chemical compound responsible for the intoxicating and medicinal effects are found mainly in a sticky golden resin exuded from the flowers on the female plants. The marijuana plant contains more than 460 known compounds of which more than 60 have the 21-carbon structure typical of cannabinoids. The only cannabinoid that is both highly psychoactive and present in large amounts, usually 1-5 % in weight, is (-)3,4-trans -delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol, also know as delta-1-THC, delta-9-THC or simply THC.A few other tetrahydrocannabinols are about as potent as delta-9-THC but are present in only a few varieties of cannabis and in much smaller quantities. A native of central Asia, cannabis may have been cultivated as much as ten thousand years ago. It was certainly cultivated in China by 4000 B.C. and in Turkestan by 3000 B.C. It has long since been used as a medicine in China, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and India for malaria, constipation, rheumatic pins, â€Å"absent-mindedness†, and â€Å"female problems†, to quicken the mind, to induce sleep, dysentery and fevers. The medical use of cannabis was already in decline by 1890. The potency of cannabis preparations was to variant, and individual responses to orally ingested cannabis seemed erratic and unpredictable. Another reason for the neglect of research oh the analgesic properties of cannabis was that the greatly increased use of opiates after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in the 1850’s allowed soluble drugs to be injected for fast relief of pain; hemp products are insoluble in water and cannot be administered so easily by injection. Tow ard the end of the twentieth century, the development of synthetic drugs such as aspirin, chloral hydrate, and barbiturates, which are chemically more stable than cannabis indica and therefore more reliable, hastened the decline of cannabis as a medicine. But the new drugs had severe disadvantages. More than a thousand people died from aspirin-induced bleeding each year in the United States, and barbiturates are, of course, more dangerous. One may have expected physicians looking for a better analgesic to turn to cannabinoid substances, especially after 1940, when it became possible to study congeners (chemical relatives) of THC that might have more stable and specific effects. Business Ethics EssayBesides their direct responsibility to individual patients with respect to medical marijuana, physicians have another obligation that is social and ultimately political. Jerome P. Kaiser has identified it in his recent New England Journal of Medicine editorial entitled â€Å"Federal Foolishness and Marijuana.† He describes the governments policies on medical marijuana as â€Å"hypocritical† and predicts that physicians who â€Å"have the courage to challenge the continued prescription of marijuana for the sick† will eventually force the government to reach some sort of accommodation. That important task will inevitably fall to the younger generation of doctors, including present and future medical students. â€Å"Marijuana’s claimed healing power with regards to glaucoma, cancer, and pain relief have not been proven by scientific studies. Because of its damaging effects to the brain and lungs, marijuana should be considered a health hazard, not a medicine. The media should fully inform the public about the dangers of smoking marijuana.†-Dr. Paul Leithbert, substance abuse specialist. There has been more extensive research on marijuana over the past 40 years than on any other substance.Cannabinoids from a single marijuana cigarette deposit in the fatty tissue of the body (brain, testes, ovaries, etc.) and remain there for three to four weeks. Repeated use of the drug produces THC storage in these vital organs for months. By contrast, when alcohol is consumed it is metabolized in a few hours. Contrary to the arguments of its advocates, marijuana is physically and psychologically addictive. Additionally, when a user stops he experiences withdrawal symptoms. Also, myriads of psychological symptoms develop as use becomes chronic. When a joint is inhaled, over 2,000 noxious chemicals invade the lungs. Users typically â€Å"toke†, holding the smoke in their lungs to enhance the absorption of THC. This produces more rapid lung damage than smoking tobacco. Marijuana and tobacco share the same chemical compounds (except for the cannabinoids), but somehow cigarettes are deemed the more deadly, while pot is touted as a medical necessity. The high from pot has been described by its users as a euphoria, a pleasant, relaxed escape that causes one to become self-absorbed and to pay less attention to his surroundings. The anticipations of these sensations is the major reason for use. And with repeated use, one’s ability to think becomes dulled, concentration is more difficult, and pathological thinking develops. The ability to perform tasks-especially new ones-diminishes, the memory becomes impaired, the sense of time is altered, and an inertia or lack of motivation develops. In many users, an antimotivatio nal syndrome sets in. Chronic users often develop such problems as emotional instability, difficulty in absorbing and integrating new information, and decreased work performance. As the brain’s â€Å"pleasure center† becomes exhausted, users have difficulty in experiencing pleasure and often put forth less effort to socialize. Users go from a sense of suspiciousness to a full-blown paranoia-and, eventually, to total â€Å"burnout.†In spite of the documented side effects associated with marijuana use, it has nonetheless been promoted as useful in the treatment of an amazing variety of ailments. Unfortunately, the truth about marijuana’s effectiveness in treating physical maladies is completely overblown:? Glaucoma. Proponents claim pot smoking lowers the pressure in the eyes of glaucoma patients. A small pressure drop does occur in some patients when marijuana is used two to four hours around the clock. This would mean, of course, that the user would be constantly stoned. In man y users the pressure increases, however, and recent research indicates that marijuana users have a decreased circulation to the optic nerve-a serious problem. Also, there have been medications available for years that are as effective as marijuana and that have minimal side effects. ? Cancer. Marijuana is advocated to fight nausea in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy. But it is really no better than the many safer anti-nauseates available. Also marijuana has been found to damage the immune-system, which is important in fighting cancer and other serious ailments like AIDS, infection, etc. ? Pain. Marijuana is not an analgesic.For example, users frequently have toothaches which are not relieved with their marijuana smoking; they require the standard pain killers. Marijuana is not helpful in fighting other kinds of pain either. In short, all the â€Å"medical uses† for marijuana, including asthma, seizures, multiple sclerosis, muscle spasms, etc., are really just excuses to get high. Some users may be under the delusion they are being helped, but marijuana users typically smoke for the THC while still taking the standard medications for their disease.Synthetic delta-9THC (Marinol) is available by prescription for some conditions and is effective.Marijuana users say they prefer the side effects from cannabis to the side effects of prescription drugs, however. In essence, then, rather than being a medicine, marijuana is a health hazard. Who would call a drug â€Å"recreational† if they realized that chronic use caused permanent brain damage? Marijuana use is never cited by proponents as a factor in high school dropout and failure rates, as well as the increase in promiscuity and sexually transmitted diseases. Such is the case, however. Another area they ignore is the dramatic effect cannabis has on the ability for one to drive a car safely. Not only is the driver impaired in major ways while high, but for hours after the high wears off. Why are these important facts not better understood by the public? For more than 35 years the media have suppressed information on cannabis. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) published an annual report on â€Å"Marijuana and Health† for many years-each issue cataloguing the increasing THC content of the weed and the dramatic research findings on damage to the users body. These report s have been ignored by the media, although all levels of media outlets were supplied with NIDA findings. In 1971 the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) was founded. It soon became a highly organized and influential body. There are 80,000 members in many larger cities. NORML conducts seminars to train lawyers in defending users and pushers when they are arrested. The hearings in state houses across the country are highly choreographed by these lawyers. They often call in NORML’s national advisors-Lester Grinspoon, MD and Thomas Ungerleider, MD-for the hearings. For many years these two psychiatrists have been major activists in the marijuana war. Dr. Grinspoon declares that marijuana is a â€Å"wonderful medicine† and finds it useful for almost everyday malady. Users who have major medical problems are featured witnesses at hearings. These patients declare that they would be dead except for their marijuana. The media (especially TV) featured these experts and patients, usually ignoring the testimony of legitimate medical experts. If marijuana is legalized there are billions of dollars to be made by the unscrupulous. Billionaire financier George Soros, who admits to having experimented with cannabis, gave a million dollars for the California and Arizona pro-pot initiatives. The FDA issues narcotic licenses to physicians. Under license guidelines, Schedule I substances â€Å" have no accepted medical use†¦and have a high abuse potential.† Included in this category are heroin, marijuana, and LSD. Any physicians, however, can receive marijuana for use in legitimate medical research. But marijuana users want free access to the drug. For the more, the Psychotropic Convention Treaty of 1971 classifies marijuana as Schedule I drug. The U.S. is on of the 74 nations that have accepted the treaty. A fascinating article, â€Å" The Return of Pot,† by Hannah Rueban, appeared in the February 17, 1997 issue if The New Republic. A visit by Reuban to San Francisco’s Cannabis Cultivators Club demonstrated the total absurdity of state-sanctioned use of marijuana. Reuban stated, â€Å" it’s as if the rotting of the late ‘60s San Francisco described by Joan Didion in Slouching Toward Bethlehem has been preserved in reverse; the characters are the same, but the center was holding.† Reuban recounted the lives of the burnt out beings that frequent the clubs and made it obvious that â€Å"medical marijuana† is the red herring that NORML plotted. The article should be must reading for state legislature facing the issue of legalizing â€Å"medical marijuana.†The views shared by many critics of marijuana is: Using marijuana for illness would be like prescribing moldy bread (containing penicillin) for phenomena or suggesting cigarette smoking for weight loss. Prescribing marijuana for any medical condition is totally irresponsible. Some doctors do and are either nave about the damage marijuana causes or perhaps are users themselves.